 |
"catching-up" modernisation - compelled by the
need to overcome the country's economic, technological and military
backwardness |
|
|
it did not originate naturally within Russian
society |
|
|
it was thrust from "above" by the ruling regimes |
|
|
the reforms moved forward with difficulties
overcoming the resistance of the population subjected to hardships
|
|
|
high social costs of the reforms |
|
|
the reforms were often abandoned or remained
incomplete |
|
|
Russia was compelled to emulate Western advances in order to
preserve its own sovereignty and independence |
